Lanthanum Facts - La Element Facts

Lanthanum Facts - La Element Facts Lanthanum is element number 57 with element symbol La. It is a soft, silver-colored, ductile metal known as the starting element for the lanthanide series. It is a rare earth element that usually displays the oxidation number of 3. While lanthanum serves no known biological role in humans and other animals, it is an essential element for some types of bacteria. Here is a collection of La element facts, along with the atomic data for lanthanum. Fast Facts: Lanthanum Element Name: LanthanumElement Symbol: LaAtomic Number: 57Appearance: Silvery white solid metalAtomic Weight: 138.905Group: Group 3Period: Period 6Block: d-block or f-blockElectron Configuration: [Xe] 5d1  6s2 Interesting Lanthanum Facts Lanthanum is a metal so soft it can be cut with a butter knife. It is highly malleable and ductile. Although the freshly cut metal is bright silver, it rapidly oxidizes or tarnishes in air.Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1839 in the mineral cerite. Mosander was a student of Swedish chemist Berzelius, who had discovered cerium in cerite in 1803. Mosander had suspected ceria contained more rare earth elements besides cerium. Axel Erdmann independently discovered lanthanum the same year as Mosander from a Norwegian mineral Erdmann named mosandrite, in honor of Mosander. Pure lanthanum metal was not produced until 1923 by H. Kremers and R. Stevens.Berzelius suggested the named Lanthana for the new element, which comes from the Greek word lanthano, meaning to be hidden.Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two isotopes. La-139 is stable, while La-138 is radioactive. At least 38 isotopes of the element have been produced.  Lanthanum is one of the most reactive of the rare earth elements. Its uses are somewhat limited by how readily it oxidizes. It is the strongest base of there found in hybrid cars. About 10 kg of lanthanum are needed to make one Toyota Prius ba  trivalent lanthanides. Lanthanum is used in nickel-metal hydride batteries, which attery! Lanthanum compounds may be added to pool produces to lower levels of phosphates, reducing algae growth. Lanthanum is also used as a petroleum cracking catalyst, as a steel additive, to make nodular cast iron, to make infrared absorbing glass and night vision goggles, and to make high-end camera and telescope lenses. Lanthanum oxide has a low dispersion and high refractive index.Lanthanum has no known function in human or animal nutrition. Because it is so reactive, it is considered moderately toxic. Lanthanum carbonate is used to reduce blood phosphate levels in patients with kidney disease.Like most rare earth, lanthanum is not really all that rare, just hard to isolate. Lanthanum is present at an abundance of about 32 parts per million in the Earths crust. Lanthanum is a soft, ductile silvery metal. Jurii Lanthanum Atomic Data Element Name: Lanthanum Atomic Number: 57 Symbol: La Atomic Weight: 138.9055 Discovery: Mosander 1839 Name Origin: From the Greek word lanthaneis (to lie hidden) Electron Configuration: [Xe] 5d1 6s2 Group: lanthanide Density 293 K: 6.7 g/cm3 Atomic Volume: 20.73 cm3/mol Melting Point: 1193.2 K Boiling Point: 3693 K Heat of Fusion: 6.20 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 414.0 kJ/mol 1st Ionization Energy: 538.1 kJ/mole 2nd Ionization Energy: 1067 kJ/mole 3rd ionization Energy: 1850 kJ/mole Electron Affinity: 50 kJ/mole Electronegativity: 1.1 Specific Heat: 0.19 J/gK Heat Atomization: 423 kJ/mole atoms Shells: 2,8,18,18,9,2 Minimum Oxidation Number: 0 Maximum Oxidation Number: 3 Structure: hexagonal Color: silvery-white Uses: lighter flints, camera lenses, cathode ray tubes Hardness: soft, malleable, ductile Isotopes (half-life): Natural lanthanum is a mix of two isotopes, though more isotopes now exist. La-134 (6.5 minutes), La-137 (6000.0 years), La-138 (1.05E10 years), La-139 (stable), La-140 (1.67 days), La-141 (3.9 hours), La-142 (1.54 minutes) Atomic Radius: 187 pm Ionic Radius (3 ion): 117.2 pm Thermal Conductivity: 13.4 J/m-sec-deg Electrical Conductivity: 14.2 1/mohm-cm Polarizability: 31.1 A^3 Source: monazite (phosphate), bastnaesite Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Why Many Americans Fail to Vote in Elections

Why Many Americans Fail to Vote in Elections Why dont more people  vote? Lets ask them. The California Voter Foundation (CVF) has released the results of a statewide survey on the attitudes of infrequent voters and citizens eligible to vote but not registered. The first-of-its-kind survey sheds new light on the incentives and barriers to voting, along with the sources of information that influence people when they do vote. Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Since the 1980s voter turnout has been decreasing steadily in the United States, as well as most other democratic countries worldwide. Political scientists generally attribute falling voter turnout to a combination of disillusionment, indifference, or a sense of futility – the feeling that an individual’s vote will not make a difference.   â€Å"For election officials and others working to maximize voter participation, these survey results provide clear direction on the messages most likely to get infrequent voters to participate in the upcoming election, and on the messages that will motivate more nonvoters to register,† stated the CVF, noting that there are 6.4 million Californians who are eligible but unregistered to vote. It Just Takes Too Long â€Å"Too long† is in the eye of the  waiter. Some people will stand in line for two days to buy the latest, greatest cell phone or concert tickets. But many of the same people will not wait 10 minutes to exercise their right to choose their government leaders. Besides, a 2014 GAO report suggests it doesn’t really take â€Å"too long† to vote. Just Too Busy The survey found that 28% of infrequent voters and 23% of those unregistered said they do not vote or do not register to vote because they are too busy. â€Å"This tells us that many Californians may benefit from more information about the time-saving advantages of early voting and voting by absentee ballot,† the CVF  said. Voter registration forms are available in post offices, libraries and the  Department of Motor Vehicle  offices in most states. The CVF said the survey’s findings might also benefit those campaigns trying to reach infrequent and new voters in advance of the election. The perception that politicians are controlled by special interests is widely shared among two-thirds of the survey’s respondents and represents a significant barrier to voter participation. A feeling that candidates don’t really speak to them was cited as the second leading reason why infrequent voters and nonvoters do not vote. Even Non-Voters Say Voting is Important Still, 93% of infrequent voters agreed that voting is an important part of being a good citizen and 81% of nonvoters agreed it is an important way to voice their opinions on issues that affect their families and communities. â€Å"Civic duty and self-expression provide strong incentives to get potential voters to the polls, despite pervasive cynicism about the influence of special interests,† said the organization. Family and Friends Encourage Others to Vote The survey found that family and friends influence how infrequent voters decide to vote as much as daily newspapers and TV news. Among infrequent voters, 65 percent said conversations with their families and local newspapers were influential sources of information when it comes to making voting decisions. Network TV news rated as influential among 64%, followed by cable TV news at 60%, and conversations with friends at 59%. For more than half of the infrequent voters surveyed, phone calls and door-to-door contact by political campaigns are not influential sources of information when deciding how to vote. The survey also found that family upbringing plays a strong role in determining voting habits as adults. 51% of nonvoters surveyed said they grew up in families that did not often discuss political issues and candidates. Who are the Non-Voters? The survey found that nonvoters are disproportionately young, single, less educated and more likely to be of an ethnic minority than infrequent and frequent voters. 40% of nonvoters are under 30 years old, compared to 29% of infrequent voters and 14% of frequent voters. Infrequent voters are much more likely to be married than nonvoters, with 50% of infrequent voters married compared to only 34% of nonvoters. 76% of nonvoters have less than a college degree, compared to 61% of infrequent voters and 50% of frequent voters. Among nonvoters, 54% are white or Caucasian compared to 60% of infrequent voters and 70% of frequent voters. Voter Turnout in 2018 Soared   On a positive note, voter turnout in November 2018 reached the highest level of any midterm election in over a century. According to the non-partisan, non-profit United States Elections Project, 49.3% of all eligible voters cast more than 116 million ballots nationwide. It was the best turnout since 1914 when 50.4% voted and surpassed the previous high turnout of 48.7% in 1966.   Better yet, 2018 reversed a troubling downward turnout trend. Turnout in the 2010 midterms was 41.8% before dropping to a miserable 36.7% in 2014- the lowest since 1942.   Of course, voter turnout in midterm elections will always lag far behind that of presidential election years. For example, in 2012, when President Obama was elected to his second term, the turnout was 58.6%. Turnout then jumped to 60.1% in 2016, when Republican Donald Trump defied the polls to be elected president over Democrat Hillary Clinton after an especially contentious campaign.

Week1CR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week1CR - Essay Example In the global market, today, a number of corporations are working hard to ensure that their customers are loyal to their brand. One of the companies is the Apple Company that moves with the latest trends in the technology world by investing heavily in research and development of products, which satisfies the needs of their customers in the global market (Iyler & Bejou, 2003). Wal-Mart stores, which are establishing in different countries in the world ensure that they have as many products as possible less than one roof. This enables the customers to shop in one location. To ensure that they are loyal to the Wal-Mart, they award their customers reward points that can be redeemed to buy different products in the stores. This enables them to build long-term relationships with all their customers due to this engagement throughout the year. Consumer loyalty however depends on the kind of services and efficiency of the brand to the

Bless Me, Ultima character analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bless Me, Ultima character analysis - Essay Example That is why of all her traits, I will focus on Ultima’s firm belief in balance which made her character some sort of a bridge in the problematic conflict of belief systems in the story. My analysis of Ultima starts with her role as a curandera as it reflects some form of universal principle. A shaman or the spiritual leader in a community is useful and performs an important function in authentic culture. She can resort to dreams and visions for help and guidance but she can also resort to the use medical arts with her herbal remedies and her vast experience in healing. Indeed, Ultima is adamant that disharmony and imbalance cause a disruption of health while her approach to healing is aimed at achieving a certain oneness and harmony with nature. Let me begin at the beginning. I do not mean the beginning that was in my dreams and the stories they whispered to me about my birth and the people of my father and mother, and my three brothers – but the beginning that came with Ultima. (Anaya 1991, 1) Anaya also attributes to Ultima, on one the hand the mythical Good Earth Mother and the religious Virgin of Guadalupe, on the other. In the novel, the Good Earth Mother often appears in Antonio’s dreams while the Virgin of Guadalupe is her mother’s spiritual protector. While they both hail from differing establishments they both represent one archetypal feminine principle – the intuitive, loving, life affirming protector and nurturer. Ultima’s character as presented showed that belief systems cannot be always mutually exclusive. Ultima as wise, complex and mysterious stemmed from her openness to receive, understand, assimilate and balance values that do not merely come from a single source, cultural grouping or belief. That is why she is tolerant and understanding as one of her main teachings to Antonio emphasized that those different

The conflict between different attitudes to loyalty Essay Example for Free

The conflict between different attitudes to loyalty Essay How does Shakespeare put on stage the conflict between different attitudes to loyalty? How effectively do you think he does this? On stage we are introduced to two different styles of leadership. Shakespeare uses the King and Hal to act as contrasts of leadership. We seethe king as a scary ogre, who is to be feared. When we first meet the king he is easily angered as he is not obeyed by Hotspur, as he does not hand over the prisoners which he has captured. This shows that the king immediately demands obedience and respect. Whenever someone is addressing the king, they call him my liege or my lord. This again shows that people fear him, as they feel they must respect him. However, when we first meet Hal, Prince of Wales, Falstaff addresses him with Hal and lad, which shows that people do not fear Hal as much, and that he is not as respected. Hal mingles with the common people, and he feels at home in the pub with his mates. This style of leadership is in contrast to his fathers, the King. Hal does not demand respect and obedience . He is content with others making jokes at him and having a laugh. Falstaff says to Hal for a fine thief of the age of two and twenty or thereabouts. Falstaff is suggesting that Hal is boring, but Hal is satisfied with being called this, whereas if it was the King who had received this comment, he would have got angry at being insulted. Hal himself enjoys a laugh with his mates, even if it means that someone is disadvantaged by it. For example he plays a trick on Falstaff, by allowing him to carry out a robbery and then the prince himself robs Falstaff. Hal did this just to show Falstaff up, and to make a fool of him, of which he does. Hal mixes with thieves and drunks, people of which his father would not approve. If Hal becomes king, it seems that he will not have the power and respect that his father had, because of the way he acts. It is not fit for the Prince of Wales to go on robberies, and get drunk in local pubs. People will lack respect for him and he will have no authority. In the scene with the King, we see him as not a very attractive character. He speaks in a manner which is slow, serious, and very stern. This introduction to the king is important as it is the audiences first view of him and they decide straight away what sort of character he is. This, almost evil presence around the King makes even the audience fear him, which is why the other characters in the play fear him. This is the kings way of leading his people. By being strict, snobbish, stern and fearful, this is why people follow him. We see the King lose his temper when he is disobeyed by Hotspur in the beginning of the play when Hotspur refuses to hand over some prisoners, and we also see him lose his temper over Hal because of Hals behaviour. God pardon thee! Yet let me wonder, Harry, at thy affections, which do hold a wing quite from the flight of all thy ancestors. The King here is getting angry with his own son, as he feels Hal approach to leadership and King is far different than his own or his ancestors. We do not see the King any more angered here with his own son, than he is with Hotspur earlier on. Hals approach is far different. When we first meet him he is smiling and having a joke with Falstaff, and admitting how his lifestyle is poor by thieving, and is now planning yet another one. This first impression does not make us see Hal as a leader, as he is irresponsible, and immature. He does not appear to be someone which we would look up to and respect and obey, we are more likely to argue back at him or simply be disobedience. It is difficult for the audience to see him ruling a country as king. It is the lack of respect that people have for him that makes the audience feel this way. After Falstaff was robbed, he comes back to the inn and addresses Hal with A kings son! If I do not beat thee out of thy kingdom and You, Prince of Wales! . Falstaff may have been let down by Hal as he did not help him in the robbery like was planned, but it is not normal for a normal person such as Falstaff to insult the Prince of Wales like that, and tell him that he is not suitable to be Prince. This is how people talk to Hal, without fear or respect. Shakespeare has effectively used Hal and the King as contrasts of leadership, and this is clear and easy to see. It is even more apparent when the King orders Hal to him to discuss his behaviour. The King becomes emotional at this stage and begins to compare Hal to Richard II. It is clear that the King does not approve of Hals attitude to leadership. What happens next is important, for Hal vows to his father that he will be more myself, and that he will change all of his ways. However, the next scene we see him pretending to ride a horse in the pub with Falstaff. After he vows to change, it is strange to see him act like this. It appears that despite what his father wants, he wishes to lead in his own way. The kings leadership qualities are mainly the fear which her gives out, also he speaks in poetry a lot, so he is a good speaker. He is able to address people and talk to them in a way that they will enjoy and remember. The King appears to consider things before acting upon. How ever with Hal we do not see many leadership qualities. Although one advantage Hal has is that he knows his faults, he is aware of himself, and he uses his faults to gain popularity with his locals. However, one leadership quality we see is when Hal plans the robbery on Falstaff, this was cleverly put together it is not the type of quality we look for in a King. The audience may see him now as a king in the making. Soon we hear him speaking in poetry which reminds us of his father and how he is becoming a king. It appears Hals ideas of being king are different from the kings, for he will be a sly king. He will not be bothered if others suffer because of him. As long as he is at an advantage he is happy. The current King may also do this, but in a different way. For Hal does this whilst drinking with common people, and thieving, whereas the King is apart from society and it appears he looks down on them and gives them no respect. How are people going to carry on respecting him if he does not show any signs of respecting others. Hal on the other hand may get more respect, but will find it hard to keep control of his people. Shakespeare has made an on stage battle of the contrasts in leadership. It is not evident as to which one is the correct one to use, but we can clearly see the advantages and disadvantages of both. Shakespeare has used the different types of leaderships in Hal and the King to create suspense on stage. Hal we see as a nice guy and someone who we can get on with, and because of this, we have a liking for him, and we care what happens to him. However, we may not like the King as much as Hal, but we still care what happens to him. This is because he demands respect so much on stage that we immediately we take an interest and concern as to what happens to him. This suspense is evident throughout the play, and it keeps the audience interested. Shakespeare has arranged the play so that we see the King and his associates in one scene, Falstaff and Hal in another, and Hotspur in another. So it is like having three little stories going on at once. These changes to different characters are deliberate, as it allows the audience a break. As if the play just focused on Hal and Falstaff, the suspense would be so great and constant that the audience would lose concentration. It would be too much to take in. A play needs suspense, but at the same time there needs to be breaks from that suspense for the audience to really appreciate the play, and Shakespeare has achieved this well.

Love Cant Be Simply Put :: essays research papers

The famous Benjamin Franklin once said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." But what is love, it can be defined by the Webster's dictionary as a "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Even with that just being said countless poets, philosophers, and authors have fallen short of truly capturing the full meaning of love. The reason could lie in the differences of love and its ability to change throughout our lives. When a baby is born and placed into the hands of loving parents, the love that the baby is able to get is vital in the development of it. The love or lack of love starts to change you from the beginning of your life and continues throughout adulthood. The young baby needs the love and wants the attention. It needs to be protected and cared for. Undoubtedly there is a major love for a baby and the love of the baby for the mother. Interestingly some people say that they love chocolate, basketball, sex, and even cars. But that doesn't fall into the Webster's definition of being "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Also it doesn't agree with Benjamin Franklin's, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." As everyone knows the game of basketball is not a person and it can't love you back. So why would someone say that they love those things? I know from my own experiences that I have a passionate affection for playing the game and I feel a joy in playing it. Continuing to blur the meaning of love with it's diversity in the relationships we have for people and objects. For instance, I love my mom, dad, brothers, dog, sports, and many more. During certain periods of my life the love will certainly rise or fade. Also the intensity of that love is not the same in all those relationships. For I have never been in love with a girl, I may only imagine what it might be like to be in love. Guessing from my friends relationships with other girls it seems like a big headache instead of wonderful bliss like some poets maybe would like to put it. When Benjamin Franklin said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable," he must have meant that love goes both ways. That not only is it important to love but also important in how it is received.

Ad Strategy Report Essay

Vermont’s famous ice cream markers, Ben & Jerry’s, started the City Churned campaign summer of 2013; where five major cities voted in traditional and non-traditional ways to create a unique flavor that capture elements of the city. The five major cities were Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Washington DC and New York City. Ben & Jerry’s also teamed up with local favorites to make the flavor even more represent the city it is for. At the end of the summer, Ben and Jerry’s served the final product the city chose at community events. Ben & Jerry’s objective from start this campaign was of course to increase sales, but also to create a deeper connection was their consumers, Mike Hayes, Ben & Jerry’s assistant digital marketing manager, told Adweek. Another main objective of the City Churned campaign was to remind people of the social mission the company stands for and the importance of local roots. Their social mission is about keeping ingredients real (no GMO’s) and doing what is best for the planet at large. The company wanted to also focus on the importance of local roots by using products from companies local to that city. There were main three strategies that Ben & Jerry’s used in order to meet their objectives. The first strategy was having an interactive campaign. They made it so people were voting by doing everyday life activities, such as what turn gate you use when heading to train. The second strategy was taking a modern twist on crowdsourcing. They used the traditional method of having a website where people would directly vote right there, but also used new different ways to gather even more input. Ben & Jerry’s teamed up with transportation services popular to the city to count votes as well. In New York City, the cabs headed uptown counted as a vote towards peppermint, whereas a cab headed downtown was a vote Fairtrade vanilla. In Portland, they watched the men entering Cartopia and whether he had a mustache or a  beard was vote for different flavors. The last strategy they used was making local elements the main part of the campaign. This made locals to the city or people who knew the place interested in what was being picked. That created a lot of free press for Ben & Jerry’s. Local newspaper throughout the summer kept track of the voting and what was happening. Some of the techniques that Ben & Jerry’s used to accomplish the goal was repetition. Their name was all around the cities, especially at local hot spots. They also promoted the product being special to each city by capturing the local elements and flavors, and letting the people decide what flavors and elements really show the city. Another technique used was creating excitement, which created participation. The whole campaign was based around the people getting what they wanted. People took pictures are local monuments and used the hashtag for their city to vote and get into the campaign.

Works of Paul Cezanne

Paul Cezanne was born in 1839 in the southern French town of Aix-en-Provence. He was the son of a wealthy banker. He became interested in art at an early age, which did not please his father. Cezanne was educated at the College Bourbon at Aix, where he befriended Emile Zola. Both Cezanne and Zola decided they would like to devote themselves to art. Zola settled down to a literary career in Paris, but Cezanne, after a short period as a law student, decided to go with his father†s wishes that he should carry on the management of the family bank. He failed in this however, and was allowed to settle in Paris and attend the Atelier Suisse, where he was expected to prepare for the examinations of the Ecole des Beaux – Arts, which coincidentally, he never passed. He became known as one of the most extreme revolutionary painters. He became acquainted with the group of painters who encircled Manet and were later known as the Impressionists. During this period, he was most influenced by Delacroix and by the baroque painters that Delacroix studied, by Rubens and Tintoretto. The â€Å"color† theories of Delacroix combined with the â€Å"law of simultaneous contrast† formulated by the chemist Michel Chevreul, by the end of the 1860†³s were beginning to be taken up by the young artists that Cezanne was familiar with. Cezanne†s ambition was to create grandiose compositions of a purely imaginative description, expressive of his own moods, using either violently dramatic themes as he did in â€Å"Les Assassins† or â€Å"L†Autopsie†, or lyrical motifs, such as â€Å"Le Judgement de Paris,† or â€Å"Dejeuner sur l†herbe. Cezanne also painted a series of portraits in which dramatic and psychological effects were undertoned. In all these early works, the color is reduced to a few simple notes in which black, white, earth reds, and yellows predominate. He showed at this stage nothing of the curiosity about natural effects of color which distinguished the Impressionist group. During the years 1872-1873, a great change came over Cezanne. He spent the summers of these years at Auvers-sur-Oise in the company of Camille Pissarro, one of the foremost Impressionistic painters. Pissarro was older than Cezanne and had already discovered his personal style and perfected a methodical and precise technique adapted to it. For the first time Cezanne learned to look on nature with a curiosity and learned the process of recording the results that were obtained. And above all, the whole world of atmosphere color was revealed to him. Certain pictures painted by Cezanne in these years resemble very nearly Pissarro†s work, but they show Cezanne†s reater power over organizing form. For these years, Cezanne may be In the last decade of the 19th century belong some of Cezanne†s most celebrated works. These include the portrait of Geffroy, which could be unequaled in modern art for the completeness of its realization and the complexity and assurance of harmonies, several pictures of men seated at a cafe table and playing cards, and a series of landscapes dominated by the mass of Mont Sainte-Victoire. At the very end of his life, there seems to have been a reappearance of the romantic tendencies of his youth. His paintings became more richer, more intense, and vivid in color. In the 1880s and 1890s, his name had become almost unknown in the larger art circles of Paris. However, his fame began to gradually circulate among artists, and in 1904 an exhibition of his works in the Autumn salon revealed to the public this unknown genius. Most of his fame came posthumously, as Cezanne died at Aix in 1906.

The Media In Zimbabwe essays

The Media In Zimbabwe essays 1. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate 2. Taking Control: Propaganda and Legislation 3. Press Coverage of the 2000 In Zimbabwe, the ruling party, Zanu PF, and particularly the President of Zimbabwe, Cde Robert Mugabe, have imposed many legislative and political strictures on the national press in recent years, and have made access to the country difficult and dangerous for foreign journalists. The purpose of this essay is to analyse and evaluate the governments intensifying control of the media, and manipulation of other mass communication tools, in Zimbabwe, and to examine the political, social and economic consequences that these measures of absolute control have rendered. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate At this time, the people of Zimbabwe are faced with many hardships; the economy was, until recently, one of the strongest in Africa, but has been hugely undermined by political wrangling between the government and opposition parties. Massive inflation, escalating unemployment, and a marked decrease in GDP are having a direct effect on the day-to-day lives of the 12 million-strong population. As the governments position becomes more and more challenged, it response is one of unswerving subjugation of both the opposition, and the media which supports it. In order to fully appreciate the effects of politics on the Zimbabwean media, and vice versa, it is important to understand the way in which Zimbabwe has developed as a country, and the power that its government now holds over the populace. The remainder of this chapter, therefore, serves as a prcis of Zimbabwes history, and aims to create a context in which the relationship between the Zimbabwean government and the domestic (and to a lesser extent, international) press can be examined. The government of Zimbabwe (a former British colony know...

The Function and Location of the Brainstem

The Function and Location of the Brainstem The brainstem is the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons. Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brainstem allowing for the relay of signals between the brain and the spinal cord. Most  cranial nerves  are found in the brainstem. The brainstem coordinates motor control signals sent from the ​brain to the body. This brain region also controls life supporting autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. The fourth cerebral ventricle is located in the brainstem, posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. This  cerebrospinal fluid-filled ventricle is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord. Function In addition to linking the cerebrum and spinal cord, the brainstem also connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. The cerebellum is important for regulating functions such as movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone. It is positioned above the brainstem and beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. Nerve tracts traveling through the brainstem relay signals from the cerebellum to areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in motor control. This allows for the coordination of fine motor movements needed for activities such as walking or playing video games. The brainstem also controls several important functions of the body including: AlertnessArousalBreathingBlood pressure controlDigestionHeart rateOther autonomic functionsRelays information between the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain Location Directionally, the brainstem is located at the juncture of the cerebrum and the spinal column. It is anterior to the cerebellum. Brainstem Structures The brainstem is composed of the midbrain and portions of the hindbrain, specifically the pons and medulla. A major function of the midbrain is to connect the three major brain divisions: forebrain, midbrain, and  hindbrain. Major structures of the midbrain include the tectum and cerebral peduncle. The tectum is composed of rounded bulges of brain matter that are involved in visual and auditory reflexes. The cerebral peduncle consists of large bundles of nerve fiber tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain. The hindbrain is composed of two subregions known as the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and cerebellum. The pons assists in the regulation  of breathing, as well as states of sleep and arousal. The cerebellum relays information between muscles and the  brain. The myelencephalon consists of the medulla oblongata and functions to connect the spinal cord with higher brain regions. The medulla also helps to regulate autonomic functions, such as breathing and blood pressure. Brainstem Injury Injury to the brainstem caused by trauma or stroke can lead to difficulties with mobility and movement coordination. Activities such as walking, writing, and eating become difficult and the individual may require life-long treatment. Stroke that occurs in the brainstem causes the destruction of brain tissue that is needed for the direction of vital body functions such as respiration, heart rhythm, and swallowing. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, most commonly by a blood clot. When the brainstem is damaged, signals between the brain and the rest of the body are disrupted. Brainstem stroke can cause problems with breathing, heart rate, hearing, and speech. It may also cause paralysis of the arms and legs, as well as numbness in the body or on one side of the body. Sources Murphy, Andrew. Brainstem. Dr. Jeremy Jones, Radiopaedia, 2005. Pietrangelo, Ann. Brain Stem Stroke. Healthline, May 23, 2018.

Summarizing for the exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Summarizing for the exam - Essay Example Similarly the case study conducted by the Carlo, Lyyntines and Boland suggest that the organizations when view the IT systems as socio-technical systems, they tend to mitigate the risks of change through the combination of social/technical actors. This change process can be described through various models which take on to define how change in the organization takes place. For example, Kurt Lewin suggested a 3 stage model which comprehend the process of change into three stages whereas the model by Gleciher suggest that strong organizational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and taking immediate and tactical actions when exceed the amount of resistance for change than there will be a meaningful change within the organization. The five cognitive processes defined in the case study by Carlo, Lyyntines and Boland also suggest the same proximity with this model as the preoccupation with the failure and underspecificaion of the structure suggest the change process to tackle the risks . It must also be noted that the changes within the organizations take place mostly due to the internal and external risks faced by the organization. While changes take place within the organizations due to external and internal risks however these risks arise due to certain drivers which bring change in the organizations. These key drivers of change can vary accordingly however technology remains one of the key variables in the process of brining in change. It is through the so called disruptive technology that the change is comprehended which necessitate the paradigm shift for the organizations. Business Process re-engineering is therefore a planned and readymade response from the organizations to embarrass the change. Through Business Process Re-engineering, there occurs a fundamental re-think of the organizational processes and other systems and procedures including people. The case study by the Carlo, Lyyntines